A bank is a financial institution.
A financial institution is a business/company which provides financial services.
Banks typically offer financial services to their customers like: accepting deposits, clearing checks, and making loans.

A bank deposit is money added to a customer's account.
A bank withdrawal is money taken out of a customer's account.

A bank loan is money borrowed by a person/business from the bank which is to be paid back over time and with interest.
Interest is money which is added on to the borrowed amount.
By borrowing money through a bank loan, the borrower ends up paying back more than the original amount borrowed.
People typically need loans for reasons like: buying a home, buying a car, or starting a business.
When a person applies for a bank loan, the bank will review the person's financial history, which might include their employment history, bill payment history, loan payment history, and/or credit payment history.

A credit card is a small plastic card issued by a financial institution which can be used to make purchases. The amount charged on the credit card is borrowed by the cardholder from the financial institution. The cardholder is responsible for paying the money back. If the money is not paid back immediately, the cardholder is typically charged interest.
A debit card is a small plastic card issued by a bank to an account holder which can be used for electronic transactions, such as purchases and ATM transactions.
When a payment is made with a debit card, the money comes from the cardholder's bank account.