understand and use the following parts of speech in the context of reading, writing, and speaking:

1. verbs (past, present, and future);
2. nouns (singular/plural, common/proper);
3. adjectives (e.g., descriptive: old, wonderful; articles: a, an, the);
4. adverbs (e.g., time: before, next; manner: carefully, beautifully);
5. prepositions and prepositional phrases;
6. pronouns (e.g., he, him); and
7. time-order transition words;