use and understand the function of the following parts of speech in the context of reading, writing, and speaking:

1. verbs (past, present, and future);
2. nouns (singular/plural, common/proper);
3. adjectives (e.g., descriptive: wooden, rectangular; limiting: this, that; articles: a, an, the);
4. adverbs (e.g., time: before, next; manner: carefully, beautifully);
5. prepositions and prepositional phrases;
6. possessive pronouns (e.g., his, hers, theirs);
7. coordinating conjunctions (e.g., and, or, but); and
8. time-order transition words and transitions that indicate a conclusion;