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Punctuation8th Grade |
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Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS): 8.20 |
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Students write legibly and use appropriate capitalization and punctuation conventions in their compositions. |
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Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS): 8.20.b |
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use correct punctuation marks including:
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8th Grade Writing - Punctuation Lesson
Commas should be used after introductory words, phrases, and clauses.
Interjections are words or short phrases that come at a beginning of sentence or clause.
| Example: |
Thanks, I'll pass on your compliments to the chef.
Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that are used to connect and show the relationship between different clauses.
| Example: |
Anyway, don't worry about the time limit, and conserve your stamina when you can.
Nouns of direct address refer to a person by his or her name or title directly.
| Example: |
Juanita, please come to the front of the room to present your findings to the rest of the class.
Two or more prepositional phrases or prepositional phrases five words or longer should have a comma after them.
| Example: |
In a black box under the bed, Drake hid his secret stash of candy away from his siblings.
An infinitive phrase consists of the word "to" + a base verb and any modifiers or complements.
| Example: |
To catch her bus in time, Tina unfortunately had to forgo eating breakfast.
| Example: |
Flustered by all of the attention, the little boy forgot his lines and quickly rushed off the stage in the middle of the play.
When a dependent clause begins a sentence or introduces another clause, a comma should come after it.
| Example: |
Because the roads were flooded from the lashing rain, the teenagers were all stuck inside playing old board games.
When a dependent clause ends a sentence or comes after an independent clause, no comma is needed between the clauses.
| Example: |
The teenagers were all stuck inside playing old board games because the roads were flooded from the lashing rain.
Semicolons can be used to connect two closely related independent clauses.
| Example: |
The hospital staff hurried along busily throughout the day; they had very few breaks from their life-saving work.
When two independent clauses are connected by a conjunctive adverb, a semicolon should be used between the clauses.
| Example: |
The store is closing in the next five minutes; therefore, please check out at the cash register soon.
Use semicolons between each item in a series when the series already has commas.
| Example: |
Mrs. Winchester never traveled anywhere without Maisie, her cat; Danny, her dog; and Julian, her rabbit.
When used in sentences, colons should only be used after a complete sentence. They usually introduce a list or short example.
| Example: |
The weather on Sebastian's birthday fit his mood perfectly: dark and gloomy.
Colons can also be used to connect two independent clauses, especially if the second clause explains, illustrates, or expands upon the first in some way.
| Example: |
No one was more qualified to lead the team than Annabeth: she was smart, level-headed, and friendly.
Hyphens are often used in compound words. Check a dictionary if you are unsure if a compound word should be hyphenated.
| Example: |
The newspaper's editor-in-chief was a harsh taskmaster, but her employees also held her in great esteem.
| Example: |
The dentist's office gave out candy at Halloween, but it was all sugar-free.
Hyphens are used when combining the prefixes, great-, self-, ex-, and all-, with another word. Prefixes combined with proper nouns should also be hyphenated.
| Example: |
Some people say that it's un-American to dislike apple pie, but I'm allergic to apples.
When writing out the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine, hyphens should be used.
| Example: |
Thomas counted eighty-four tiles in the ceiling before a noise distracted him.
Parentheses are used to enclose information that clarifies or acts as an aside to other information. Parentheses can be used inside or outside of a sentence.
| Example: |
John was having a terrible day. (He didn't know it was about to get even worse.)
When parentheses are used inside another sentence, commas (not in a series), semicolons, colons, and periods should go outside the last parenthesis. Exclamation points
and question marks should go inside the last parenthesis.
| Example: |
After two months of being late to class, Frederick (finally!) made it to his seat before the bell rang.
Parentheses that stand on their own always have their ending punctuation inside the last parenthesis.
| Example: |
The detective would not say anything more about the case at hand. (Do you think he even knows who did it?)
Remember that any information that is in parentheses is never a part of the subject. The verb should only agree with the noun/pronoun outside of the parentheses.
| Example: |
Brackets are almost exclusively used in quoted material, primarily as a way to clarify information. Do not use brackets and parentheses interchangeably.
| Example: |
"The year my book got published [1991] was also the year my first child was born," author Marsha Black said. "It was a wonderful time."
Any changes made to quoted material, such as capitalization, should be placed inside brackets.
| Example: |
Here is an example of it being quoted in a sentence with part of it changed:
Helen Keller wrote that "[her] world is built on touch sensations, devoid of physical colour and sound; but without colour and sound it breathes and throbs with life."
Brackets can also be used to indicate spelling or grammatical errors in the material being quoted. Place [sic] after the mistake. This lets readers know that the mistake was in the original material, and not one the writer made.
| Example: |
Here is an example of how someone might quote the letter with its mistakes:
Writing to her brother, Duchess Verde lamented, "The seasons in Paris are lovely, but I have never been lonelyer [sic]."
An ellipsis is a set of three periods with a single space on each side
( . . . ). In formal writing, ellipses are most often used to omit certain words in a quotation, or only use part of a larger quotation.
( . . . ). In formal writing, ellipses are most often used to omit certain words in a quotation, or only use part of a larger quotation.
NOTE: When the words being omitted by an ellipsis are in the middle of a sentence, use the standard three periods.
If the words being omitted are between sentences, or there are other sentences after, include the period at the end of the sentence before placing the ellipsis.
If the words being omitted are between sentences, or there are other sentences after, include the period at the end of the sentence before placing the ellipsis.
| Example: |
Here is an example of how someone might use ellipses to shorten her quote.
Amelia Earhart said, "The most difficult thing is the decision to act, the rest is merely tenacity. . . . You can do anything you decide to do. . . ."
When using ellipses in a quotation, be sure not to change the meaning of the quotation in any way.
| Example: |
Here is an example of how not to use ellipses:
Amelia Earhart said, "The most difficult thing is . . . tenacity. The fears are . . . . change and control . . . and the procedure. . . ."
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